Investment Returns

More than a number: why do you need to know about yield

Every investing goal comes down to the same basic objective: you have some money, and you would like to make more money with it.

Yield is one of the best ways to see how well your investments are doing on that front.

It's a more complete look at what's going on in your account beyond whether the numbers are going up—similar to how a scale will show you your weight, but to figure out your overall health, you'll need a different formula.

In practice, understanding your yield can transform how you approach investing. It's not just a number, it's the data that helps transform your strategy in a way that turns portfolios into down payments, plane tickets, and early retirement.

What is yield in practice and what does it do for you?

Yield is the income your investment gives you, independent of any profit you make from the price of your initial investment going up (these are called capital gains).

Think of it as a thank-you note from your investment, except instead of arriving as an email you ignore, it's a stream of cash that flows into your account while you go about your life.

Calculating an investment's yield percentage shows you how much income you can expect to earn each year in relation to what the investment is worth. It's a powerful way to measure an investment's income-generating potential.

Yields vary by the type of investment. For example:

• Stocks can pay out a portion of their profits to you as a dividend. This is a common type of yield. A typical stock yield for companies in the S&P 500 index, for instance, might be in the 2% – 4% range.
• Bonds pay interest to you for loaning your money to a government or corporation. This interest is also a form of yield.

It's crucial to remember: yield is just one part of your investment's total return.

The other part is the price of the investment itself, which will change over time. By understanding yield, you get a clearer picture of how your investments are working for you, generating both growth and income to help you build a life where goals become achievements.

Yields vs. returns: is there a difference?

Yes! While yields and returns (also known as capital gains) work hand-in-hand, they're fundamentally different in what they measure.

• Yield is forward-looking—it's the income you can expect to receive based on the current price.
• Total return is backward-looking—it tells you what you actually earned in the past, combining both income and price changes.

A strong portfolio relies on both. Capital gains make your original investment grow bigger, but yield provides a steady income stream. Together, they make up your total investment returns.

What are the most common types of investment yield?

There are three main types of yield, with the difference between them just coming down to the type of asset they're related to.

• Dividend yield: earning from stocks or ETFs
  A dividend is a portion of a company's profits that it shares with you, the shareholder. The dividend yield tells you how large that payment is relative to the stock's price.
• Bond yield: earning from loans
  A bond yield is the return you get from the regular interest payments made by a bond, which is essentially a loan you've made to a government or corporation.
• Rental yield: earning from property
  If you own a rental property, the money you collect from tenants after expenses is your rental income. The yield is that income expressed as a percentage of the property's value.

How to calculate yield on investment: the only formulas you need

You'll rarely have to calculate this yourself for stocks, ETFs, and bonds, as this information is readily available on the details page for any stock or ETF on your trading platform.

But, understanding how these numbers are calculated gives you a much deeper understanding of your investments. Here's a simple breakdown for the most common asset types.

Calculating yield for stocks and ETFs (Dividend Yield)

For stocks and ETFs, the most common yield calculation measures the annual dividend income you receive relative to the investment's price.

• The Formula: Annual Dividend Per Share / Price Per Share = Dividend Yield
• Practical Example: Imagine a stock is currently priced at $75 per share. The company pays an annual dividend of $3.00 per share.
  • The calculation is: $3.00 / $75 = 0.04
  • This gives you a dividend yield of 4%.

Calculating yield for bonds (Current Yield)

For bonds, a simple way to measure the income is by calculating its "current yield," which compares the annual interest payment (called the "coupon") to the bond's current price on the market.

• The Formula: Annual Interest Payment / Current Market Price = Current Yield
• Practical Example: You own a government bond that pays $40 in interest each year. Although you bought it for $1,000, its price on the market today has risen to $1,050.
  • The calculation is: $40 / $1,050 = 0.038
  • This gives you a current yield of 3.8%.

Calculating yield for rental property (Rental Yield)

For a property, the yield is calculated by comparing the annual income it generates (after expenses) to its total market value. This is often called the Net Rental Yield or Capitalization Rate.

• The Formula: Net Annual Rental Income / Property's Market Value = Rental Yield
• Practical Example: You own a condo valued at $600,000. It brings in $36,000 in rent per year ($3,000/month). Your annual expenses (property taxes, insurance, maintenance) are $10,000.
  • First, find your net income: $36,000 (rent) - $10,000 (expenses) = $26,000
  • The calculation is: $26,000 / $600,000 = 0.043
  • This gives you a rental yield of 4.3%.

One big rookie mistake to avoid: chasing high-yield traps

It's tempting to think that a higher yield is always better. But, sometimes, an unusually high yield is a warning sign that a company is in trouble. This is often called a yield trap.

A "good" yield is a sustainable one—not a flashy one.

A healthy, stable company with a moderate yield is often a much smarter and safer long-term investment than a struggling company with an attention-grabbing 10% yield that could be cut at any moment.

Do your research, trust the findings, make smarter investments. That—even more than any yield calculation—is the essential formula for long-term growth.

Your yield playbook: 3 smart strategies for beginners

1. Build an instant yield portfolio with ETFs

For many investors, the easiest way to start is with a dividend-focused ETF. Unlike single stocks, ETFs are a collection of assets bundled together.

So, by picking a dividend-based one, you'll get exposure to many different dividend-paying stocks, giving you instant diversification. An ETF holds a basket of many different dividend-paying stocks, giving you instant diversification.

How to find: Start by using the main search bar within the Questrade trading platform. Instead of just searching for a company name, use descriptive keywords that describe your goal. Try typing in phrases like: "Canadian Dividend ETF" or "High Dividend" as a place to start.

From the list of results, click on a few and read their brief summary or objective. Funds whose stated goal is to invest in a portfolio of dividend-paying Canadian companies, or to provide regular monthly or quarterly income are ones that fit with a dividend strategy.

2. Hunt for "Dividend Aristocrats" for reliable income

Don't get too caught up on the name (or spend too much time wondering who comes up with these). "Dividend Aristocrats" are just established companies that have a long history of not only paying dividends, but increasing them every year.

How to find: Questrade's Edge Desktop platform has a stock screener tool that's tailor made for helping you find these kinds of companies. Here's how to use it.

3. Make your yields grow by themselves

A Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) automatically uses the dividends you receive to buy more shares of the same investment.

Every time your investment earns a little income, that income automatically buys more of the investment, which then helps earn even more income. It's one of the easiest ways to turn your portfolio into a set-it-and-forget-it growth tool.

The final, essential piece: understanding real yield and inflation

The yield percentage you see isn't the whole story, because inflation is always in the background, reducing the buying power of your money.

Real yield tells you how much your purchasing power is actually increasing.

• The formula is: Real Yield = Yield - Inflation Rate.
• For example: If your investment has a 4% yield but inflation is at 3%, your "real" yield is only 1%. Your money is growing, but only 1% faster than the rising cost of living.

Keeping an eye on real yield helps you ensure your income-generating strategy is actually moving you forward—not just giving you a superficial number that looks nice, but isn't working in practice.